---
title: Reference
description: >-
  Comprehensive reference for all kScript functions, variables, and data types.
  Build powerful trading algorithms with our extensive library of technical
  indicators and utilities.
---

## Strategies

Declare `strategy()` instead of `define()` and place simulated orders; results render in the Strategy Tester. Full reference: [Strategy Functions](../functions/strategy-functions.md).

| Function | Description |
| --- | --- |
| `strategy(title, ..., initialCapital?, commissionPercent?, slippageBps?, slippageModel?, qtyType?, qtyValue?, pyramiding?, fillModel?, instrument?, leverage?, maintenanceMarginPercent?, makerFeePercent?, takerFeePercent?, funding?, onLiquidation?)` | Declare the strategy and configure the simulated broker. Perps-specific params are since engine 3.0.63 |
| `strategy.entry(id, direction, qty?, limit?, stop?, ocaName?, comment?)` | Queue an entry (market, or resting limit/stop) |
| `strategy.exit(id, fromEntry?, qty?, qtyPercent?, profit?, limit?, loss?, stop?, trailPoints?, trailOffset?, ocaName?, comment?)` | Attach protective bracket legs to entries |
| `strategy.close(id, comment?)` | Close a named entry at market |
| `strategy.closeAll(comment?)` | Close the whole position at market |
| `strategy.cancel(id)` / `strategy.cancelAll()` | Cancel pending unfilled orders |
| `strategy.positionSize()` | Signed open quantity (0 when flat) |
| `strategy.positionAvgPrice()` / `strategy.equity()` / `strategy.openProfit()` / `strategy.netProfit()` | Position and account getters |
| `strategy.closedTradeCount()` / `strategy.winTradeCount()` / `strategy.lossTradeCount()` / `strategy.maxDrawdown()` | Trade-stat getters |

Perps strategy declaration params (since engine 3.0.63):

| Parameter | Type and bounds | Default |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `instrument` | `"spot"` or `"perps"` | `"spot"` |
| `leverage` | number greater than `0` | `1` |
| `maintenanceMarginPercent` | number at least `0` and less than `100` | `0.5` |
| `makerFeePercent` | non-negative number | `0` |
| `takerFeePercent` | non-negative number | `0` |
| `funding` | `"data"` or `"off"` | `"data"` |
| `onLiquidation` | `"continue"` or `"halt"` | `"continue"` |


## Variables & Constants

Core variables, data types, and constants available in kScript for market data access and styling.

### Core Data Variables

| Variable | Type | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `currentSymbol` | string | The current trading symbol (e.g., `'BTCUSDT'`) |
| `currentExchange` | string | The current exchange being used for trading (e.g., `'BINANCE'`, `'COINBASE'`) |
| `currentCoin` | string | The current trading coin (e.g., `"BTC"`) |
| `barIndex` | number | Current bar index in the timeseries during the per-bar loop. |
| `isLastBar` | boolean | True when processing the last bar in the dataset. |
| `isConfirmed` | boolean | True on confirmed historical bars; use as an anti-repaint guard. |
| `isFirst` | boolean | True only while processing bar 0. |
| `isLiveUpdate` | boolean | True during live data updates with new market data. |
| `color` | color | The color to use for plotting (e.g., `'red'`, `'blue'`) |

### Color Constants

| Constant | Type | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `yellow` | color | Yellow color (`#FFFF00`) |
| `orange` | color | Orange color (`#FFA500`) |
| `purple` | color | Purple color (`#800080`) |
| `gray` | color | Gray color (`#808080`) |
| `black` | color | Black color (`#000000`) |
| `white` | color | White color (`#FFFFFF`) |
| `red` | color | Red color (`#FF0000`) |
| `green` | color | Green color (`#008000`) |
| `blue` | color | Blue color (`#0000FF`) |
| `silver` | color | Silver color (`#C0C0C0`) |
| `maroon` | color | Maroon color (`#800000`) |
| `fuchsia` | color | Fuchsia color (`#FF00FF`) |
| `lime` | color | Lime color (`#00FF00`) |
| `olive` | color | Olive color (`#808000`) |
| `navy` | color | Navy color (`#000080`) |
| `teal` | color | Teal color (`#008080`) |
| `aqua` | color | Aqua color (`#00FFFF`) |

### Data Types

| Type | Description |
| --- | --- |
| `timeseries` | Time-aligned numerical data. Only timeseries data can be passed into plot functions. |
| `number` / `string` / `boolean` | Scalar types with strict, sound semantics ([details](../core-concepts/na-and-scalar-types.md)) |
| `na` | The missing-value sentinel: falsy, propagating, structurally equal. Test with `isna()`, default with `nz()` |
| `color` | First-class color type with string-literal bridging ([color functions](../functions/color-functions.md)) |
| `array` / `map` | Collections with lambdas and reducers ([collections](../core-concepts/collections.md)) |
| `type` (structs) | User-defined types: `type Zone { top: number, handle: drawing_handle }` ([user types](../core-concepts/user-defined-types.md)) |
| `drawing_handle` | A live drawing object reference (`line.new`, `box.new`, ... then `.delete()` / setters) |
| `ShapeType` | `plotShape` markers: `circle`, `cross`, `triangle`, `diamond`, `arrowUp`, `arrowDown`, `flag`, `square`, `label`, `char` |
| `persist` | Declaration carried across bars (the recommended spelling of `static`) |

### Data Sources

| Data Source | Type | Description |
| --- | --- | --- |
| `binance_treasury_balance` | DataSource | Value of asset held by Binance. Updated monthly. Available for BTC, ETH, SOL, USDT, and USDC. |
| `buy_sell_volume` | DataSource | Buy/sell volume from trade data. |
| `cme_oi` | DataSource | Open Interest for crypto futures contracts on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. Only available for BTC and ETH. |
| `deribit_implied_volatility` | DataSource | Implied volatility of ticker on Deribit. Available only for BTC and ETH coins. Returns tenors of 1W, 1M, and 3M. |
| `deribit_volatility_index` | DataSource | Measure of implied or historical price volatility for a specific asset on Deribit. Limited to ETH and BTC coins. Returns OHLC data. |
| `etf_flow` | DataSource | Net inflow or outflow of capital into an ETF. Only available on 1D intervals. |
| `etf_holding` | DataSource | Asset balance held by major ETFs. Available for BTC, ETH, and SOL based ETFs. |
| `etf_premium_rate` | DataSource | Compares market price of an ETF with its net asset value (NAV). Available for BTC, ETH, and SOL based ETFs. |
| `ethena_positions` | DataSource | Amount of collateral within the Ethena protocol. |
| `funding_rate` | DataSource | Funding rate aggregation data from derivatives markets. |
| `liquidations` | DataSource | Liquidation aggregation data from derivatives markets. |
| `long_short_ratio` | DataSource | Overall ratio of long to short positions across all traders. Available for Binance, Bybit, and OKX. |
| `ohlcv` | DataSource | Open, High, Low, Close, Volume data from trade aggregations. |
| `open_interest` | DataSource | Open interest aggregation data from derivatives markets. |
| `options_volume` | DataSource | Puts and calls for a particular coin from Binance Options or Deribit based on volume. Limited to ETH and BTC coins. |
| `options_open_interest` | DataSource | Puts and calls for a particular coin from Binance Options or Deribit based on open interest. Limited to ETH and BTC coins. |
| `orderbook` | DataSource | Orderbook heatmap snapshot aggregation data. |
| `skew` | DataSource | Percentage difference in implied volatility between call and put options for a specific ticker on Deribit. Limited to BTC and ETH. |
| `volume_profile` | DataSource | Per-bar volume-profile ladder — buy/sell volume bucketed by price level. No scalar properties; read with the `vp*` accessors. Optional `ticksPerBar` (default `1`) merges every N price levels into one bucket; optional `currency` (`"USD"` or `"Coin"`, default `"Coin"`) quotes bucket volume in USD instead of coins. |

### v3 Keywords

| Keyword | Purpose |
| --- | --- |
| `persist` | Cross-bar state: `persist zones = []` |
| `type` | Struct declaration: `type Zone { ... }` + `Zone.new(...)`; methods via `func` inside the block, `this` bound to the receiver |
| `switch` | First-match branching, no fallthrough |
| `import ... as` | [Libraries](../functions/libraries.md) with versioning |
| `for ... in / of` | Collection iteration ([loops](../functions/loops.md)) |

## Function Categories

Explore technical indicators, mathematical functions, and utilities organized by category.

| Category | Description | Functions |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [Moving Averages](/kscript/functions/moving-averages) | Trend-following indicators that smooth price data. | `sma`, `ema`, `alma`, `swma`, `rma` |
| [Oscillators](/kscript/functions/oscillators) | Momentum indicators that fluctuate between bounded values. | `rsi`, `wpr`, `cmo`, `tsi`, `cci`, `stochastic` |
| [Volume Indicators](/kscript/functions/volume-indicators) | Indicators that incorporate volume data in their calculations. | `mfi`, `obv` |
| [Volume Profile](/kscript/functions/volume-profile) | Accessors that extract scalar series from a `volume_profile` source. | `vpBuy`, `vpSell`, `vpDelta`, `vpTotal`, `vpPoc`, `vpPocVolume`, `vpBucketCount`, `vpPriceHigh`, `vpPriceLow` |
| [Trend Indicators](/kscript/functions/trend-indicators) | Indicators that help identify trend direction and strength. | `adx`, `macd`, `ichimoku`, `psar` |
| [Utility Functions](/kscript/functions/utility-functions) | Helper functions for statistical calculations and data manipulation. | `lowest`, `highest`, `sum`, `stddev`, `donchian`, `crossover`, `crossunder`, `cross`, `isnan`, `isnum` |
| [Plotting & Visualization](/kscript/functions/plotting) | Functions for rendering data on charts. | `plot`, `plotLine`, `plotBar`, `plotHistogram`, `plotCandle`, `plotShape`, `plotBatches`, `plotPie`, `plotText`, `plotLabel`, `plotTable`, `plotRange`, `hline`, `plotBgColor` |
| [Script Definition](/kscript/functions/script-definition) | Functions for defining script metadata and input parameters. | `define`, `input`, `source`, `print`, `printTimeSeries` |
| [Color Functions](/kscript/functions/color-functions) | Functions for manipulating and transforming colors. | `brightness`, `darken`, `lighten`, `transparency`, `opacity`, `blend`, `colorGradient` |
| [Orderbook Functions](/kscript/functions/orderbook-functions) | Functions for working with orderbook data. | `sumBids`, `sumAsks`, `maxBidAmount`, `maxAskAmount`, `minBidAmount`, `minAskAmount` |
| [Math Functions](/kscript/functions/math-functions) | JavaScript-style math constants and numerical helpers. | `math.abs`, `math.max`, `math.min`, `math.sqrt`, `math.pow` |
| [String Functions](/kscript/functions/string-functions) | JavaScript-style string methods for text processing. | `split`, `concat`, `substring`, `toUpperCase`, `toLowerCase`, `trim`, `replace`, `indexOf`, `startsWith`, `endsWith`, `length` |
| [Loops](/kscript/functions/loops) | Control-flow patterns for repeated logic. | `for`, `while`, `break`, `continue` |

## Popular Functions

Commonly used functions for quick access and reference.

| Function | Category | Signature | Description |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| `sma` | Moving Averages | `sma(source, period?, priceIndex?)` | Simple Moving Average calculation. |
| `ema` | Moving Averages | `ema(source, period?, priceIndex?)` | Exponential Moving Average calculation. |
| `rsi` | Oscillators | `rsi(source, period?, priceIndex?)` | Relative Strength Index oscillator. |
| `plot` | Plotting & Visualization | `plot(value, plotType?, width?, colors?, colorIndex?, fill?, smooth?, showPriceDisplay?, label?, desc?)` | Universal plotting function for all visualization types. |

## Function Quick Lookup

## Moving averages

| Function | Signature | Returns |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [`sma`](/kscript/functions/moving-averages#sma) | `sma(source, period?, priceIndex?)` | `number` |
| [`ema`](/kscript/functions/moving-averages#ema) | `ema(source, period?, priceIndex?)` | `number` |
| [`alma`](/kscript/functions/moving-averages#alma) | `alma(source, length, offset?, sigma?)` | `number` |
| [`swma`](/kscript/functions/moving-averages#swma) | `swma(source)` | `number` |
| [`rma`](/kscript/functions/moving-averages#rma) | `rma(source, period?, priceIndex?)` | `number` (legacy recurrence, not Wilder) |
| [`wma`](/kscript/functions/moving-averages#wma) | `wma(source, period?, priceIndex?)` | `number` |
| [`hma`](/kscript/functions/moving-averages#hma) | `hma(source, period?, priceIndex?)` | `number` |
| [`vwma`](/kscript/functions/moving-averages#vwma) | `vwma(source, period?, priceIndex?)` | `number` |

## Oscillators

| Function | Signature | Returns |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [`rsi`](/kscript/functions/oscillators#rsi) | `rsi(source, period?, priceIndex?)` | `number` (Wilder, textbook seed) |
| [`wpr`](/kscript/functions/oscillators#wpr) | `wpr(length, source)` | `number` |
| [`cmo`](/kscript/functions/oscillators#cmo) | `cmo(source, length)` | `number` |
| [`tsi`](/kscript/functions/oscillators#tsi) | `tsi(source, short, long)` | `number` |
| [`cci`](/kscript/functions/oscillators#cci) | `cci(source, period?, constant?)` | `number` |
| [`stochastic`](/kscript/functions/oscillators#stochastic) | `stochastic(source, kPeriod?, kSmoothing?, dPeriod?)` | `[%K, %D]` |
| [`stoch`](/kscript/functions/oscillators#stoch) | `stoch(periodK?, smoothK?, periodD?)` | `%K/%D` streams |
| [`change`](/kscript/functions/oscillators#momentum-primitives) | `change(source, n?, priceIndex?)` | `number` |
| [`roc`](/kscript/functions/oscillators#momentum-primitives) | `roc(source, n?, priceIndex?)` | `number` |
| [`mom`](/kscript/functions/oscillators#momentum-primitives) | `mom(source, n?, priceIndex?)` | `number` |
| [`mfi`](/kscript/functions/volume-indicators#mfi) | `mfi(source, period?)` | `number` |

## Trend indicators

| Function | Signature | Returns |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [`adx`](/kscript/functions/trend-indicators#adx) | `adx(source, period?)` | `[ADX, DI+, DI-]` |
| [`macd`](/kscript/functions/trend-indicators#macd) | `macd(source, fastPeriod?, slowPeriod?, signalPeriod?)` | `[MACD, Signal, Histogram]` |
| [`ichimoku`](/kscript/functions/trend-indicators#ichimoku) | `ichimoku(source, conversionPeriod?, basePeriod?, laggingSpanPeriod?, displacement?)` | `[Tenkan, Kijun, SpanA, SpanB, Chikou]` |
| [`psar`](/kscript/functions/trend-indicators#psar) | `psar(source, start?, increment?, maxValue?)` | `number` |
| [`supertrend`](/kscript/functions/trend-indicators#supertrend) | `supertrend(factor?, atrPeriod?)` | line/direction streams |
| [`bb`](/kscript/functions/trend-indicators#bands) | `bb(source, period?, mult?, priceIndex?)` | basis/upper/lower streams |
| [`keltner`](/kscript/functions/trend-indicators#bands) | `keltner(source, period?, mult?, atrPeriod?, priceIndex?)` | basis/upper/lower streams |
| [`tr`](/kscript/functions/trend-indicators#volatility-primitives) | `tr(source)` | `number` |
| [`hl2`](/kscript/functions/series-functions#price-source-helpers) | `hl2(source?)` | `number` |
| [`hlc3`](/kscript/functions/series-functions#price-source-helpers) | `hlc3(source?)` | `number` |
| [`ohlc4`](/kscript/functions/series-functions#price-source-helpers) | `ohlc4(source?)` | `number` |
| [`hlcc4`](/kscript/functions/series-functions#price-source-helpers) | `hlcc4(source?)` | `number` |
| [`atr`](/kscript/functions/trend-indicators#volatility-primitives) | `atr(period?, source?)` | `number` |
| [`stdev`](/kscript/functions/trend-indicators#volatility-primitives) | `stdev(source, period?, priceIndex?)` | `number` |
| [`variance`](/kscript/functions/trend-indicators#volatility-primitives) | `variance(source, period?, priceIndex?)` | `number` |

## Volume indicators

| Function | Signature | Returns |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [`mfi`](/kscript/functions/volume-indicators#mfi) | `mfi(source, period?)` | `number` |
| [`obv`](/kscript/functions/volume-indicators#obv) | `obv(source)` | `number` |
| [`vwap`](/kscript/functions/volume-indicators#vwap) | `vwap(anchor?)` | `number` (cumulative, or `"day"`/`"week"`/`"month"` anchored) |
| [`cum`](/kscript/functions/volume-indicators#cum) | `cum(source, priceIndex?)` | `number` |

## Volume profile

All take a single `volume_profile` source and return a `number` for the current bar.

| Function | Signature | Returns |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [`vpBuy`](/kscript/functions/volume-profile#vpbuy) | `vpBuy(source)` | `number` |
| [`vpSell`](/kscript/functions/volume-profile#vpsell) | `vpSell(source)` | `number` |
| [`vpDelta`](/kscript/functions/volume-profile#vpdelta) | `vpDelta(source)` | `number` |
| [`vpTotal`](/kscript/functions/volume-profile#vptotal) | `vpTotal(source)` | `number` |
| [`vpPoc`](/kscript/functions/volume-profile#vppoc) | `vpPoc(source)` | `number` |
| [`vpPocVolume`](/kscript/functions/volume-profile#vppocvolume) | `vpPocVolume(source)` | `number` |
| [`vpBucketCount`](/kscript/functions/volume-profile#vpbucketcount) | `vpBucketCount(source)` | `number` |
| [`vpPriceHigh`](/kscript/functions/volume-profile#vppricehigh) | `vpPriceHigh(source)` | `number` |
| [`vpPriceLow`](/kscript/functions/volume-profile#vppricelow) | `vpPriceLow(source)` | `number` |

## Orderbook functions

All take `(source, depthPct?)` where `depthPct` defaults to `10`.

| Function | Signature | Returns |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [`sumBids`](/kscript/functions/orderbook-functions#sumbids) | `sumBids(source, depthPct?)` | total bid volume |
| [`sumAsks`](/kscript/functions/orderbook-functions#sumasks) | `sumAsks(source, depthPct?)` | total ask volume |
| [`maxBidAmount`](/kscript/functions/orderbook-functions#maxbidamount) | `maxBidAmount(source, depthPct?)` | largest bid order |
| [`maxAskAmount`](/kscript/functions/orderbook-functions#maxaskamount) | `maxAskAmount(source, depthPct?)` | largest ask order |
| [`minBidAmount`](/kscript/functions/orderbook-functions#minbidamount) | `minBidAmount(source, depthPct?)` | smallest bid order |
| [`minAskAmount`](/kscript/functions/orderbook-functions#minaskamount) | `minAskAmount(source, depthPct?)` | smallest ask order |

## Utility

| Function | Signature | Returns |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [`lowest`](/kscript/functions/utility-functions#lowest) | `lowest(source, period?, priceIndex?)` | `number` |
| [`highest`](/kscript/functions/utility-functions#highest) | `highest(source, period?, priceIndex?)` | `number` |
| [`sum`](/kscript/functions/utility-functions#sum) | `sum(source, period?, priceIndex?)` | `number` |
| [`pivothigh`](/kscript/functions/series-functions#pivot-confirmation) | `pivothigh(source, leftbars, rightbars, priceIndex)` | `number` |
| [`pivotlow`](/kscript/functions/series-functions#pivot-confirmation) | `pivotlow(source, leftbars, rightbars, priceIndex)` | `number` |
| [`stddev`](/kscript/functions/utility-functions#stddev) | `stddev(source, period?, priceIndex?)` | `number` |
| [`donchian`](/kscript/functions/utility-functions#donchian) | `donchian(source, period?)` | `number` |
| [`crossover`](/kscript/functions/utility-functions#crossover) | `crossover(A, B)` | `boolean` |
| [`crossunder`](/kscript/functions/utility-functions#crossunder) | `crossunder(A, B)` | `boolean` |
| [`cross`](/kscript/functions/utility-functions#cross) | `cross(A, B)` | `boolean` |
| [`isnan`](/kscript/functions/utility-functions#isnan) | `isnan(value)` | `boolean` |
| [`isnum`](/kscript/functions/utility-functions#isnum) | `isnum(value)` | `boolean` |

## Plotting

| Function | Signature |
| --- | --- |
| [`plot`](/kscript/functions/plotting#plot) | `plot(value, plotType?, width?, colors?, colorIndex?, fill?, smooth?, showPriceDisplay?, label?, desc?)` |
| [`plotLine`](/kscript/functions/plotting#plotline) | `plotLine(value, width?, colors?, colorIndex?, fill?, smooth?, showPriceDisplay?, label?, desc?)` |
| [`plotBar`](/kscript/functions/plotting#plotbar) | `plotBar(value, width?, colors?, colorIndex?, showPriceDisplay?, label?, desc?)` |
| [`plotHistogram`](/kscript/functions/plotting#plothistogram) | `plotHistogram(value, base?, colors?, colorIndex?, width?, showPriceDisplay?, label?, desc?)` |
| [`plotCandle`](/kscript/functions/plotting#plotcandle) | `plotCandle(value, width?, colors?, colorIndex?, showPriceDisplay?, label?, desc?)` |
| [`plotShape`](/kscript/functions/plotting#plotshape) | `plotShape(value, shape, width?, colors?, colorIndex?, fill?, showPriceDisplay?, label?, desc?)` |
| [`plotBatches`](/kscript/functions/plotting#plotbatches) | `plotBatches(count, callback)` |
| [`plotPie`](/kscript/functions/plotting#plotpie) | `plotPie(value, price, radius?, colors?, opacity?, display?)` |
| [`plotText`](/kscript/functions/plotting#plottext) | `plotText(text, color, price, size?, xAlign?, yAlign?, fill?, backgroundColor?)` |
| [`plotLabel`](/kscript/functions/plotting#plotlabel) | `plotLabel(text, position?, x?, y?, color?, size?, xAlign?, yAlign?, fontFamily?, backgroundColor?)` |
| [`plotTable`](/kscript/functions/plotting#plottable) | `plotTable(data, position?, x?, y?, headerRow?, headerColumn?, ...styling)` |
| [`plotRange`](/kscript/functions/plotting#plotrange) | `plotRange(time1, price1, time2, price2, color, fillColor)` |
| [`plotMiniChartGrid`](/kscript/functions/plotting#plotminichartgrid) | `plotMiniChartGrid(panels, position?, columns?, candleStyle?, showChange?, showVolume?, ...styling)` |
| [`plotStatRow`](/kscript/functions/plotting#plotstatrow) | `plotStatRow(value, title?, format?, polarity?, priority?, colors?)` |
| [`hline`](/kscript/functions/plotting#hline) | `hline(value, color?, width?)` |
| [`plotBgColor`](/kscript/functions/plotting#plotbgcolor) | `plotBgColor(color, forceOnChart?)` |

### New in v3 (plotting)

| Function | Signature | Notes |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [`barcolor`](/kscript/functions/plotting#barcolor) | `barcolor(color)` | Recolors the main candles per bar |
| [`fillBetween`](/kscript/functions/plotting#fillbetween) | `fillBetween(series1, series2, color, opacity?)` | Band between two plotted series |
| [`plotShape` extras](/kscript/functions/plotting#plotshape) | `location`, `char`, `tooltip`, `zOrder` | 10 shapes incl `arrowUp/Down`, `flag`, `square`, `char` |
| [Drawing objects](/kscript/functions/drawing-objects) | `line.new` / `box.new` / `label.new` / `polyline.new` / `linefill.new` / `table.new` | Stateful handles: `.delete()`, setters |
| [`htf`](/kscript/core-concepts/multi-timeframe) | `htf(source, timeframe, opts?)` | No-repaint higher timeframe |
| [`request`](/kscript/core-concepts/multi-source) | `request(symbol, timeframe?, opts?)` | Other-symbol shorthand |
| [`ltf`](/kscript/core-concepts/multi-source) | `ltf(source, timeframe)` | Finer bars as cells |
| [`requestBars`](/kscript/core-concepts/multi-source) | `requestBars(symbol, timeframe, type?, exchange?, { bars, anchor? })` | Last N native bars as a raw array for drawing; `anchor: "latest"` pins them to the newest market bars |
| [`plotMiniChartGrid`](/kscript/functions/plotting#plotminichartgrid) | `plotMiniChartGrid(panels, position?, columns?, candleStyle?, showChange?, showVolume?, ...styling)` | Viewport-pinned grid of mini OHLC panels |
| [`plotStatRow`](/kscript/functions/plotting#plotstatrow) | `plotStatRow(value, title?, format?, polarity?, priority?, colors?)` | Per-bar statistics strip row |

## Color functions

| Function | Signature |
| --- | --- |
| [`brightness`](/kscript/functions/color-functions#brightness) | `brightness(color, amount)` |
| [`darken`](/kscript/functions/color-functions#darken) | `darken(color, amount)` |
| [`lighten`](/kscript/functions/color-functions#lighten) | `lighten(color, amount)` |
| [`transparency`](/kscript/functions/color-functions#transparency) | `transparency(color, amount)` |
| [`opacity`](/kscript/functions/color-functions#opacity) | `opacity(color, amount)` |
| [`blend`](/kscript/functions/color-functions#blend) | `blend(color1, color2, amount)` |
| [`colorGradient`](/kscript/functions/color-functions#colorgradient) | `colorGradient(value, range, colorStops)` |

## Math (math namespace)

**Constants:** `math.E`, `math.PI`, `math.SQRT2`, `math.SQRT1_2`, `math.LN2`, `math.LN10`, `math.LOG2E`, `math.LOG10E`

**Basic:** `math.abs`, `math.sign`, `math.random`

**Rounding:** `math.ceil`, `math.floor`, `math.round`, `math.trunc`

**Comparison:** `math.max`, `math.min`

**Trig (radians):** `math.sin`, `math.cos`, `math.tan`, `math.asin`, `math.acos`, `math.atan`, `math.atan2`

**Hyperbolic:** `math.sinh`, `math.cosh`, `math.tanh`, `math.asinh`, `math.acosh`, `math.atanh`

**Exp / Log:** `math.exp`, `math.expm1`, `math.log`, `math.log1p`, `math.log2`, `math.log10`, `math.pow`

**Roots:** `math.sqrt`, `math.cbrt`, `math.hypot`

## String methods

| Method | Signature |
| --- | --- |
| `split` | `str.split(separator)` |
| `concat` | `str.concat(...strings)` |
| `substring` | `str.substring(start, end?)` |
| `toUpperCase` | `str.toUpperCase()` |
| `toLowerCase` | `str.toLowerCase()` |
| `trim` | `str.trim()` |
| `replace` | `str.replace(search, replaceWith)` |
| `indexOf` | `str.indexOf(searchValue)` |
| `startsWith` | `str.startsWith(prefix)` |
| `endsWith` | `str.endsWith(suffix)` |
| `length` | `str.length()` |

## Control flow

| Construct | Form |
| --- | --- |
| if/else | `if (cond) { ... } else { ... }` |
| for | `for (var i = 0; i < n; i = i + 1) { ... }` |
| while | `while (cond) { ... }` |

## Timeseries helpers

| Function | Signature |
| --- | --- |
| `buildTimeseries` | `buildTimeseries(srcTimeSeries, (bar, idx) => [...])` |
| `matchTimestamp` | `matchTimestamp(source, target, matchMode?)` |
| `timeseries` | `timeseries(arr, priceIndex)` |

## User functions

```kscript title="User Function Declaration" lines wrap
func myEma(source, period) {
  return ema(source, period, 4);
}
```

`func` declarations live at global scope. `timeseries` cannot be declared inside a `func` body.